How to Build a Gravel Driveway: A Step-by-Step Guide

Introduction

Building a gravel driveway is a practical and cost-effective way to create a durable access route for vehicles on an acreage. When done properly, a gravel driveway can handle heavy use, shed water effectively, and last for years with minimal maintenance.

This guide walks through the full process — from excavation and geotextile installation to gravel selection and compaction — and explains when larger gravel sizes are necessary for added stability.

Step 1: Assess the Site and Plan the Driveway

Start by evaluating drainage patterns and the firmness of the existing soil. If the subgrade is firm and well-drained, a single layer of 20 mm (¾") gravel may be sufficient.

If the soil is soft, wet, or prone to movement, over-excavation and additional gravel layers will be required to create a stable base.

Step 2: Mark Out and Excavate

• Mark driveway boundaries using stakes and string

• Ensure sufficient width for vehicle access

• Excavate approximately 8–12 inches (20–30 cm)

• Dig deeper if soft or unstable soil is encountered

Proper excavation is critical to prevent future rutting and settling.

Step 3: Install Geotextile Fabric

Geotextile fabric is strongly recommended, especially on clay or soft soils.

• Lay fabric across the full excavation area

• Overlap seams by at least 12 inches (30 cm)

Benefits of geotextile fabric:

• Prevents gravel from mixing with subgrade

• Improves drainage

• Extends driveway lifespan

• Reduces future maintenance

Step 4: Backfill With Gravel Layers

Gravel selection depends on soil conditions.

• 50+ mm (2"+) gravel – used for very soft or unstable subgrades

• 40 mm (1½") gravel – intermediate structural layer

• 20 mm (¾") gravel – finished driving surface

The 40 mm and 50+ mm layers are optional and only required where subgrade conditions demand additional support.

Step 5: Compact Each Layer

Compaction is critical for long-term performance.

• Plate tamper for small driveways

• Ride-on roller for larger areas

• Compact each layer before adding the next

Proper compaction prevents washouts, ruts, and premature failure.

Step 6: Install and Compact the Top Layer

• Spread 3–4 inches (7–10 cm) of 20 mm crushed gravel

• Compact thoroughly

• Ensure even surface and proper drainage slope

Step 7: Final Touches

• Rake to smooth high and low spots

• Drive over the surface to test firmness

• Add and compact additional gravel where needed

Conclusion

A well-built gravel driveway starts with proper planning, excavation, material selection, and compaction. While some sites only require a 20 mm top layer, softer soils benefit from larger base materials and geotextile fabric.

Following these steps ensures a durable, low-maintenance driveway that stands up to Alberta conditions and regular vehicle use.